Many lakes in the Adirondacks face two primary threats that impact cold-water fish, including our native salmonids—brook trout, lake trout, and whitefish. The first threat is climate-induced increases in water temperature. The second is deep-water oxygen depletion.

As the threats and inputs to Adirondack lake ecosystems have evolved, the ways we study these systems have too. Since acid deposition was the primary stressor of the last 50 years, research questions which guided monitoring programs focused heavily on...

Lakes experience a chemical and hydrological transformation in the fall. This is thanks to one of water's unique properties: unlike most materials, it is most dense as a liquid. Water's maximum density occurs at 4 degrees Celsius (39.2 degrees Fahrenheit...